Population of Costa Rica
5,069,144 inhabitants (2019)
Official Language of Costa Rica
The official language of Costa Rica is Spanish.
Languages Spoken in Costa Rica
Around 90% of the population considers Spanish as their primary language. While Spanish dominates, there are also various indigenous languages, such as the original English-based Creole Jamaican and Indian languages (like Cabécar, Bribris and Borucas), though these languages are regrettably fading over time. In addition, two immigrant communities maintain their autonomous language practices: the Chinese community predominantly speaks Cantonese Chinese and the Mennonites use a German derivative called Plautdietsch.
People of Costa Rica
The Costa Rican population is a harmonious blend of diverse ethnicities. Approximately 72% of the population is of mixed race, 14% is white, 10% is black (often of Jamaican descent) and 2% comprises Native American groups such as Guatusos, Bribris, Cabécaras, Térrabas, Borucas and Guaymíes. Many of these Native American communities reside in indigenous reserves, contributing to the rich tapestry of Costa Rican culture.
Religion in Costa Rica
Catholicism is the official religion in Costa Rica and is adhered to by the majority of the population. However, Costa Rican culture embraces religious diversity with an overarching tolerance. Communities like the Mormons, for instance, have a presence in San José.
National Holiday of Costa Rica
Costa Rica commemorates its Independence Day on September 15th, a day of significance marking the nation's liberation from Spanish colonial rule in 1821.
Holidays in Costa Rica
Costa Rica observes a range of holidays, including:
New Year's Day on January 1
Easter in March or April
Juan Santamaria Day on April 11
Labour Day on May 1
Annexation of the Partido de Nicoya Festival on July 25
Assumption and Mother's Day on August 15
National Day on September 15
All Saints Day on November 1
Christmas on December 25.
A Glimpse into Costa Rica's Past
Pre-Colonial Era and Spanish Arrival
Prior to the Spanish colonization, Costa Rica was inhabited by indigenous people with roots in Mesoamerican and Andean cultures. These early inhabitants left behind a legacy of craftsmanship, producing pottery, jewellery and intricate carvings in gold and jade. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1502 marked the beginning of European influence. He landed in Uvita, near the present-day Puerto Limon, and christened the land 'Costa Rica'. The indigenous communities faced subjugation as the Spanish established agricultural settlements, capitalizing on the fertile soil and favourable climate. For the following 300 years, Costa Rica remained a Spanish colony, marked by limited notable events and modest development.
The Shift towards Prosperity
By the late 18th century, Spain began to capitalize on its investment in the colony by introducing lucrative industrial crops, starting with tobacco and eventually adding coffee and bananas to the mix. This shift brought newfound prosperity to local farmers and ushered in a period of transformation.
Independence and Modernization
In 1821, Costa Rica, alongside Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua, collectively declared independence. After briefly being part of the independent Mexican Empire, Costa Rica joined the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823. In 1838, Costa Rica secured full independence and established a stable republican system, culminating in the institution of a national vote in 1889. The country faced and thwarted a takeover attempt by American William Walker in 1856, marking a pivotal moment in its history.
The March into the 20th Century
The 20th century brought two brief periods of violence, notably the dictatorship of General Federico Tinoco Granados from 1917 to 1919 and a civil war in 1948. The latter conflict, however, yielded positive outcomes: the abolition of the army and the development of a new constitution, ensuring 60 years of political stability for the Republic of Costa Rica.
Costa Rican Government and Politics
Costa Rica operates as a presidential republic, with the President elected for four-year terms through a national vote, and consecutive terms are not permitted for the same individual. This elected official serves as both the head of state and head of government, holding executive authority. The legislative branch, composed of 57 deputies elected via a national vote, wields legislative power. The Supreme Court serves as the highest judicial authority, while the Constitutional Court assesses the constitutionality of laws.
Prominent Figures of Costa Rica
Juan Santamaría (1831-1856)
Juan Santamaría, celebrated as a national hero in Costa Rica, served as a drummer in the Costa Rican army. He played a pivotal role in resisting the incursion of American invader William Walker (1824-1860) in Nicaragua. His heroic demise occurred when he set fire to an enemy-occupied hostel, a courageous act that contributed to Costa Rican victory in the Battle of Rivas. Over time, he became a symbol of national freedom.
Maria Claudia Poll Ahrens (Born 1972)
Maria Claudia Poll Ahrens is as an exceptional professional swimmer and the sole Olympic gold medallist from Costa Rica. Her triumph came in the 200m event at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, and she also boasts five world championship titles to her name.
Max Jimenez (1900-1947)
Max Jimenez, a significant figure in Costa Rican literature, was a novelist, essayist, artist and poet. His work earned acclaim abroad, particularly in Europe, Cuba and New York, but faced criticism within Costa Rica.
Oscar Arias Sánchez (Born 1940)
Oscar Arias Sánchez, who served as President of the Republic on two occasions (1986-1990 and 2006-2010), was honoured with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. He was recognized for his contributions to resolving the armed conflicts that plagued Central America during the 1980s.
Etiquette and Customs in Costa Rica
Tipping is discretionary in Costa Rica. It's important to note that tips should never replace the salary of locals working in the tourism industry. Typically, a recommended tip for drivers is around £1-£2 per person per day, and this amount should be doubled for guides. In restaurants, a 5% service charge is often automatically added to the bill. For other local staff like porters and waiters, tipping practices can vary widely. It's advisable to gauge the tip amount by considering the local economy, perhaps by comparing it to the price of a beer or cup of tea, ensuring it aligns with the standard of living. Avoid giving money or items to individuals, particularly children, on the streets, as this can encourage begging. While Costa Rica is generally peaceful, it's wise to keep a close watch on your personal belongings, especially in cities like San José and Limon.
Costa Ricans are affectionately known as 'Ticos' and 'Ticas'. This moniker stems from their unique use of diminutives in the Spanish language. For instance, when describing something as small (in Spanish, 'chico'), Costa Ricans would use 'chiquitico', meaning 'very small'. The people of Costa Rica are generally friendly and are always eager to assist travellers.
Shopping in Costa Rica
Purchasing souvenirs in Costa Rica can not only serve as a memento of your trip but also contribute to local communities. Crafted oxcarts and decorated carts are popular items, as are miniature versions that cater to tourists. The country offers a variety of handcrafted works made from wood, clay, ceramic, weaves and leather. Hammocks in various styles and sizes are also a favourite choice, and Costa Rican coffee, known for its exceptional quality, is a must-buy. For those interested, hand-rolled premium cigars from Costa Rica are known for their smooth and silky flavour.
Cuisine of Costa Rica
Costa Rican cuisine is characterized by staples like rice, black beans, coriander and the sweet and tangy Lizano salsa. The national dish is 'Gallo pinto', a hearty combination of rice and beans, often served with fried eggs or meat, depending on the time of day. Another culinary gem is the 'casado', a generous plate of rice and beans accompanied by a variety of options such as fish, meat, coleslaw, fried plantains, avocado, tortilla or a vegetable stew called 'picadillo'. Costa Rica is known for superb ceviche, featuring incredibly fresh seafood and fish marinated in lime and onion with plenty of coriander. Chicken is a common protein, but the country also produces premium-quality beef. Satisfy your sweet tooth with 'tres leches', a super-sweet and moist cake, or 'arroz con leche', a rice pudding infused with condensed milk and cinnamon. Bananas and fresh fruits are abundant and also form a vital part of the local diet.
Drinks of Costa Rica
While the tap water in Costa Rica is technically safe to drink, it's advisable to opt for bottled mineral water. The country offers a variety of beverages, including light and amber beers, fizzy drinks and delicious fresh fruit juices. 'Guaro', a liquor made from sugarcane, is popular and is often enjoyed with 'Fresca', a diet soda, and plenty of ice. Coffee plays a significant role in Costa Rican culture, with the nation producing some of the world's highest-quality Arabica coffee beans. For an in-depth understanding of this national treasure, consider booking a fascinating tour of a coffee plantation.
