Population
61,345,849 (2019)
Official language
Swahili
Languages spoken
Tanzania is a multilingual country with various languages. Swahili and English are the most widely spoken, but it's likely you'll come across others such as Sukuma, Gogo, Haya, Tumbuka and Nyamwezi, depending on the region you visit.
People
Tanzania is home to a rich tapestry of over 120 ethnic communities - the majority (95%) being of Bantu origin. The largest ethnic group is the Sukuma, comprising approximately 15.5% of the population. Other significant groups include the Gogo (4.1%), Haya (3.7%), Tumbuka (3.1%) and Nyamwezi (2.8%). Additionally, you will find a small population of around 1% comprising Indians, Europeans, and Arabs.
Religion
Tanzania is a diverse country with a rich religious landscape. Approximately 61% of Tanzanians are Christians, 35% are Muslims and a small percentage, around 1%, follow indigenous belief systems. You will find many temples, mosques and churches throughout the country.
National Holiday
One of the most significant national holidays in Tanzania is Independence Day, which is celebrated on 9th December. This is a great time to experience the patriotic spirit of the Tanzanian people and witness various festivities and cultural events.
Other Holidays
January 1: New Year's Day. Expect fireworks, parties and events in major cities like Dar es Salaam and Arusha.
Late March - early April: Easter. If you happen to visit Tanzania during Easter, you can witness the country's traditional and religious celebrations. Many Christians attend church services and participate in processions during this time.
April 26: Union Day. This holiday commemorates the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which formed the United Republic of Tanzania.
May 1: Labour Day, which honours the achievements of workers and is typically celebrated with parades, speeches, and various cultural events.
July 7: Saba Saba. This holiday commemorates the founding of Tanzania's ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi. It is celebrated with political rallies, exhibitions and music performances.
December 25: Christmas Day. Tanzania joins the rest of the world in celebrating Christmas, with religious services and festivities.
In addition to these national holidays, Tanzania also observes Muslim celebrations. The dates of these holidays vary each year based on the lunar calendar. Some of the most significant dates are:
Eid al-Fitr: Marks the end of Ramadan fasting and is celebrated with feasting, prayers and family gatherings.
Eid al-Adha: Commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice.
History
The history of Tanzanian land unfolds a narrative that stretches back to the dawn of human civilization, with archaeologists pointing to Tanzania as the site of one of Earth's oldest man-made settlements. It was in April 1964 that the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar gave birth to the modern nation we now know as Tanzania. This union has its roots deeply embedded in the rich tapestry of Swahili culture, a vibrant amalgamation born from economic, political and religious alliances between the Bantu people along the East African coast and Arab merchants.
The Zanzibar archipelago played a pivotal role as a strategic hub for Middle Eastern, Indian, and even Chinese traders seeking connections with the African continent and Europe. The 16th century saw the arrival of Portuguese explorers and their subsequent conquest of the Tanzanian coast. However, their dominion was short-lived as Omani Arabs ousted the Portuguese in 1840, establishing their capital on Unguja Island, also known as Zanzibar.
Before long, the tides of history ushered in English and German colonial ambitions in Africa. Britain supplanted Germany as the colonial power in control of Zanzibar. The Treaty of Heligoland-Zanzibar in 1890 delineated territorial boundaries, with Zanzibar falling under British rule while mainland Tanzania came under German administration.
The establishment of Germany East Africa saw the implementation of strict governance, marked by a heavy-handed approach to quelling native uprisings whenever they arose. Notable instances included the suppression of the Hehe people's revolt in the 1890s and the Maji Maji uprising that occurred between 1905 and 1907. Tragically, the latter event resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of Maji Maji lives.
As the German colony expanded its reach deeper into the Tanzanian interior, it became apparent that the indigenous African populations were more advanced than initially anticipated. Among these communities were the Maasai, Nyamwezi and Hehe peoples.
In a significant policy shift, the colony eventually abandoned its efforts to impose the German language on the inhabitants of Tanzania, opting instead to promote the use of Swahili.
In 1914, the onset of the First World War witnessed Tanzanian troops engage in a conflict against British forces, under the leadership of German Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck. Ultimately, Germany surrendered, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. This pivotal treaty marked the division of Germany's East African colonies, with Rwanda and Burundi ceded to Belgium, while Tanganyika, the mainland that comprises present-day Tanzania, fell under English control.
Subsequent years were marred by the aftermath of conflict, leaving the nation in a sorrowful state. The British authorities sought to restore stability by leveraging traditional institutions and promoting agriculture among the indigenous population. However, the decades that followed under British rule proved to be challenging for the protectorate. Meanwhile, Zanzibar continued to rely on the sultanate for governance.
The advent of World War II brought Tanganyika into the fold of the Allied war effort against Nazi Germany. This marked a significant turning point in the country's history. The journey towards independence commenced with the emergence of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the leadership of Julius Nyerere, who assumed the presidency in 1953.
In 1954, it underwent a transformation, emerging as the Tanzania African National Union, staunchly championing the cause of liberation from British colonial rule, proudly bearing the banner of 'freedom and unity.' The dawn of independence for Tanzania finally broke in December 1961, followed closely by Zanzibar in December 1963. With Julius Nyerere at the helm, Tanzania embarked on a journey of recovery, nurturing the blossoming of schools and communities.
The year 1967 saw Nyerere's embrace of socialism, a move that, unfortunately, led to a period of economic decline and international isolation for the country. From 1977 to 1983, the border with Kenya remained shut, and in 1978, Tanzania valiantly defended itself against a challenging Ugandan assault. The nation transitioned into a one-party state, and by the time of Nyerere's retirement in 1985, the economy lay in tatters.
However, Nyerere's successors initiated the process of rejuvenating the nation, actively engaging in reintegration with the global community through the establishment of a new multi-party constitution. In 1992, Tanzania officially embraced multi-party democracy, heralding a new era of governance. Today, Tanzania's journey of development and economic growth continues unabated, steadily progressing toward a brighter future.
Policy
Tanzania operates as a Federal Republic, with its president serving as both the head of state and chief executive, for a five-year term. The president has the authority to appoint the prime minister and form government. The nation's parliament consists of 274 seats, and members of parliament (MEPs) are elected every five years. Federal laws have jurisdiction over the entire country, while Zanzibar maintains its own parliament and legislative autonomy in certain areas. The judicial system in Tanzania incorporates elements of traditional authorities, Islamic law and common law.
Famous Tanzanians
David Livingstone (1813-1873): A missionary and explorer.
Livingstone made his way to Ujiji near Kigoma, Tanzania in 1871, marking the end of a six-year absence. His discovery by a journalist is legendary, as the reporter famously greeted him with the iconic phrase, "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" Prior to his reappearance, Livingstone had embarked from Zanzibar in 1866 on a mission to explore Lake Tanganyika and trace the source of the Nile. His prolonged disappearance had left many to ponder his fate, speculating that he might have perished or been captured.
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-1999): A prominent politician and activist.
Nyerere is celebrated as the founding father of independent Tanzania. He served as the nation's president for an impressive span of two decades. Nyerere's legacy stands out due to his exceptional wisdom, a quality uncommon among the leaders of his era, as he knew when to gracefully step aside when circumstances demanded.
Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck (1870-1964): A German colonial officer.
Lettow-Vorbeck etched his name in history during the tumultuous years of 1914 to 1918 when he led a small contingent of African troops in a remarkable campaign against the British in East Africa. His strategic brilliance became evident as Germany was ultimately defeated, yet Lettow-Vorbeck emerged from the conflict effectively undefeated, a testament to his military acumen.
Etiquette
Tanzanians are known for their remarkable friendliness, warm hospitality and relaxed demeanour, and there aren't many strict rules to adhere to in their society. However, it's essential to recognise the presence of numerous smaller indigenous groups, each with its own unique customs. To navigate this cultural tapestry effectively, it's advisable you rely on your guide's guidance and observe the behaviour of locals, adapting your approach accordingly.
Tanzanians often refers to themselves as 'wananchi', a term in Swahili that conveys respect. Zanzibar, in particular, has a predominantly Muslim population, where modest attire is the norm, and many women wear veils. When outside of tourist areas, it's a good idea to adopt a more conservative dress code, ensuring that your shoulders and legs are adequately covered.
During meals, remember to use your right hand for eating and passing food. This is considered proper etiquette. Additionally, greetings hold a special significance in Tanzanian culture, so it's customary to exchange pleasantries before delving into the main topic of conversation or business.
Shopping
Tanzania offers a plethora of crafts that are simply irresistible. Ebony carvings, in particular, serve as captivating mementos of your African journey, with the Makonde artisans, hailing from the southern regions, creating some of the most remarkable pieces. Travellers often find themselves drawn to precious and semi-precious stones; the mesmerising blue-purple tanzanite being a personal favourite. Additionally, you can bring home the vibrant spirit of Africa with splendid paintings, beaded jewellery in a kaleidoscope of hues, delicate ceramics and musical instruments, all serving as excellent keepsakes. Meanwhile, on the enchanting island of Zanzibar, a treasure trove of spices awaits, ensuring that your holiday memories linger in your kitchen for weeks to come after your return.
Food
Tanzanian cuisine is characterised by its simplicity, with each tribe boasting its own unique culinary offerings. A beloved staple in Tanzanian diets is Ugali, a hearty starchy paste crafted from a blend of flour and water. Typically, it's served alongside a savoury meat stew infused with the flavours of tomatoes, onions and various diced vegetables. Rice and plantains also hold prominent positions on the national menu, adding diversity to the culinary landscape.
When it comes to fruits, Tanzania truly shines. The fruits here are not only incredibly fresh but also bursting with flavour. Think juicy oranges, succulent pineapples, fragrant mangoes, delightful papayas, luscious soursops and an assortment of bananas, among others.
Venturing to the coastal regions, such as the shores of the Indian Ocean and Zanzibar, opens up a world of Swahili cuisine. This delectable culinary tradition is known for its rich infusion of seafood, creamy coconut milk and an array of aromatic spices, promising a culinary adventure like no other.
Drink
It's advisable to opt for bottled water during your stay and refrain from using ice. Soft drinks, tea and coffee are ubiquitous options also. Beer, a beloved choice among many, features brands such as Safari, renowned for its robust flavour, alongside lighter alternatives like Kilimanjaro and Castle Lager. In the majority of restaurants and lodges, you'll find an assortment of South African wines. Occasionally, Tanzanian wines make an appearance on the menu. Though they may not be as widely recognised, they can be a delightful surprise for your palate if you happen to come across them.
